One example is the idea that Catholic fear drove people, including Pope Gregory, to wipe out cats, which resulted in a population explosion among plague-infected rodents, thus leading to the Black Death. Medieval people were indeed superstitious (but so are modern people), and cats are great but, lets face ittheyre assh*les. In the decree, he declared that Satan is half cat and claimed that there were . 2022 History of Yesterday | All Rights Reserved. You know, small-town sh*t.9. We know there was a massive reduction in cat populations at the time because of this, so its plausible to make the connection. Interestingly enough, Halloween originally a pagan celebration also has Catholic roots in the form of All Hallows Eve, that is the Vigil of All Saints Day, when Catholics remember those who have gone before them to enter their heavenly home. There are two things we need to shed light on; whether Gregory IX endorse the newly-coined cathunt and whether the cathunt directly correlates with the black plague that happens 100 years after. Without them, pests would run wild, and not just rats. *Coupons: Check out our coupons for stores like Checks Unlimited and CheapOair! In the 13th century, Pope Gregory IX, pope from 1227-1241, believed that cats actually carried the spirit of Satan himself within them. He said they ate too much grain and it was the responsibility of every person to kill a sparrow if they saw one and they were not to give up until they achieved it !!.. Cat burning and other forms of cat hating have survived the centuries since. Reply . They were pure evil seeking nothing but power & control of the population. This timeline stretched from 1346 to 1353, a little more than a century after Gregory. CATS ARE BETTER THAN PEOPLE & ALWAYS WILL BE BETTER THAN HUMANS. Also, in 1182, to aid the churchs vendetta against the Cathars, the French theologian Alain de Lille falsely claimed that the sect took its name from the cat instead of the real source, the Greek katharoi or pious ones. First, consider the dates: Pope Gregory IXs papal bull was issued between 1232 and 1234. Share this article your friends will love it too! By rough estimates, as many as 200 million people died. To understand why suspicions of cats persist, you need to go back to the 13th Century, whenPope Gregory IXhad a definite opinion of cats and it wasnt a positive one. As a journalist, I spoke daily with public affairs officers who represented diverse government and corporate clients. Of course, the Bubonic Plague also motivated the kitty killings, as many believed that cat germs contributed to the plagues spread. "The whole story is one of those pseudo historical urban myths that keeps getting repeated despite the fact it's complete nonsense. I SAY GOOD FOR ALL THOSE SENSELESS HUMANOIDS. Its funny thinking about cats as the symbol of evil. The mass killing of those docile beautiful creatures is despicable. By removing many cats from the food chain, the population of rodents began to rise across Europe, as Asian and other foreign ships carrying rats brought them to European harbors. Neither does rogue operative, Jason Bourne. The black plague ravaged countless European cities around a century after the demise of Pope Gregory IX. Cat burning became a favorite medieval pastime in France, where cats were suspended over fires in cages or doused and set alight- even chased on fire through the streets by cat chasers. The Decretals reorganized the whole library of Catholic laws. Cats and the Black Plague. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Museum Hack leads small group, VIP museum tours that are fun, fast-paced and surprisingly cool. Evil cradles in the Austin Powers franchise. By Gregorys decree, there was a target on the head of every black cat. But the cars we have for pets are not naturally in the wild for thousands of years. All That's Interesting is a Brooklyn-based digital publisher that seeks out stories that illuminate the past, present, and future. I am here because of a PBS documentary on cats that I saw recently. Those arrested by Conrad, therefore, had only two options: admit to heresy and spend the rest of their lives as a known former heretic or burn. A witch riding a broomstick with a black cat. His papacy started when hereticism run rampant in Europe, and yet, by the end of his term, he saw the completion of one of the most important canon law in the Catholic Church known as the Decretales Gregorii IX, Decretales Gregorii IX, Some historians have forgiven the rats. cats were only interested in our rat infested granaries. However, historian Donald Engel believes that the Vox acted as a death warrant for the cat. However, history shows that the Black Death, which ravaged Europe in the mid 1300s, was actually caused by rats and the fleas on them. There are two types of people in this world: cat people, and not cat people. Both rats and pigeons would make a great next plague material though, The bull does not, however, dictate that Catholics across Europe kill all cats to stop Satan Islam doesnt tell Muslims to kill pigs but they still chase and try to kill one by kicking and hitting if they see it on the street because they believe it is evil and forbidden. (2017, June 6). Public Domain. CATS ARE BETTER THAN PEOPLE. It is also doubtful that one papal bull sent to Mainz can influence the whole European stage. This cruel practice continued until 1817 although the Kattenstoet continues to this day- involving stuffed cats instead. I didnt expect to read the whole article, but I found myself tickled in all the right places, so dear sir, I did indeed finish the article in its entirety. Both, however, rendered the Catholic Church redundant. A quick Google search shows that a felinefemme fatalecat mask is conveniently available on Amazon for only $25.22. Interesly, June 7, 2016, The spooky history of how cats bewitched us, Abigail Tucker, The Washington Post, October 31, 2016, The History of the cat in the Middle Ages (Part 2): The Black cat as the devil in Christian sects, L A Vocelle, The Great Cat: The Cat in History, Art, and Literature. Public Domain. The popes were all hypocrytical, bastards. It was Gregorys past as an astute lawyer that connected him to his acts of justice within the church. Thats serious.. Name is important in the papacy as it is seen as a signal of how their reign is envisioned. While there is no evidence that cats in medieval England were persecuted, their mousing skills were likened to the devils ability to catch souls, with the fifteenth-century merchant William Caxton remarking how the devil playeth ofte with the synnar, lyke as the catte doth with the mous. Some historians believe that the persecutions across Europe so depleted cat numbers that mouse- and rat-catching by cats diminished- one of the reasons why the Bubonic Plague took such a deadly hold in Europe during the fourteenth century. He tended to treat all those accused as guilty until proven innocent and threatened all those who would not confess with the flames. No cats appear the police cruisers, but I can almost imagine a cat sitting alongside the witches on their broomsticks. You cant even accept that cats may have offered some protection from the plague. A 'bulla' is the seal on the papal bull. STOP W/ THE BABIES ALREADY. Sweet Home Alabama Lyrics: What Does Muscle Shoals Has Got the Swampers Mean? I would suggest that theres more to the story. Between 1347 and 1352, some 100 million people died of the Plague, representing almost half of Europes population. Guess what? From there, its just a couple of logical leaps to the connection to the Black Death: inspired by Pope Greg IXs bull, everyone across Europe killed off all the cats. Home chairman meow wisdom Why Cats Were (Wrongly) Blamed for the Black Plague in Europe. The bull does not, however, dictate that Catholics across Europe kill all cats to stop Satan. Its long-term effect, however, was to reshape the view of the cat in European society in general, morphing it from a pagan sacred animal into an agent of hell. The story youre most likely to find in popular history articles goes something like this: Cats were brought to Europe from Egypt by the Romans and enjoyed a decent reputation for a long timeprobably because they were such a boon to agricultural societies. However, amongst the warped fantasies were some bare facts from past beliefs which lent themselves to the dark image of witchcraft the church was attempting to conjure. (Accessed June 1, 2018). Before the prospect of burning at the stake for having contact with the purring pets, Catholics around the the continent began slaughtering any feline that entered their property. you suck; F-; see edict ex cathadre by a subsequent POPE reversing greggy 9s cat condemnation- also, Y-Perstis fleas only and I mean ONLY like rats; why? On June 13, 1233, he issued a papal decree, Vox in Rama, based on bogus evidence provided by a Spanish Inquisitor. Missionary Activity under Pope Gregory the Great. The Remains of Dead US Presidents Will Be Sent Into Space, The Man Who Surgically Brought Back Unicorns. Id already discounted that idea. So Gregory began to formalize and promote practices that formed the basis of the later medieval inquisition. The final point though is that contemporary accounts and the examination of modern doctors and historians of the evidence from them has shown bacteria that caused the Black Death can take the form of a lung infection called pneumonic plague, which was spread easily between humans. Check out France, rats on the street, brave-pigeons without flight reflex, but no cats. Meanwhile, they need that meat on the regular and know how to get it, so theyre great at killing and eating vermin. According toSmithsonian Magazine, the Nazca geoglyphs may have been used for astrological, calendrical purposes as well as religious rituals to encourage rainfall and fertility. Here are our sources? https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/plague/factsheet.asp. Gregorys response was to issue the Vox in Rama. Classical Cats: The Rise and fall of the Sacred Cat, Donald W Engels, Psychology Press. Many superstitions, including fear of black cats, continue to this day. Wierd Tales, Vol 36. After food, clothing and medicine, the fourth item is cosmetics and the fifth is pets, he said, referring to a study on where most peoples income goes. This was seen as a critical time as the sixth crusade had recently been defeated in Damietta, Egypt. Your email address will not be published. That is the well-accepted history, but is it really true? People banged drums and kept the sparrow in the air not permitting them to land until they died of exhaustion! And anyone who tries to understand them as the devil incarnate or as a female marker hasnt spent enough time enjoying a cat walking all over them, kneading them or running from cucumbers. That evil came to be neatly personified in the form of black cats that were beaten to death to purge the new season of evil spirits. Apparently torture produced some pretty convincing confessions from people who worshipped the devil and his black cat. Since the ninth century AD, the Canon Episcopi of the Catholic Church had deemed belief in witchcraft to be a heresy in itself. Theres one thing you havent considered. The cat had obtained a darker connotation through its association with Galinthias, who became a servant of Hecate, a Greek goddess of the underworld after she was turned into a cat by the goddess Hera. some particularly superstitious believers seized on the idea that the black cats were servants of Satan. Gregory immediately recognizing Conrad as a useful tool in his war against religious dissent. And thats because its body is invested with the spirit of the Morning Star himself. Cat burning and other forms of cat hating have survived the centuries since. The Black Death or Black Plague was the original zombie apocalypse. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=141316, ONeill, Tim. The Sphinx being the most obvious representation of their reverence of cats, Egyptians also covered their walls with images ofregal-lookingcats and made fine statues of them too. Though the Nazca Lines themselves werent discovered until 1926, when air travel started to become common, its been a World Heritage site since 1994, and is famous for its humming bird and astronaut geoglyphs. Interestingly enough, the author of the article writes that one reason cats are evil is that they are the favored pets of witches. Actually, witches both modern ones and the one who were burned at the stake during Middle Ages owned cats because being close to nature is central to theirreligious beliefs. I suppose its possible that Vox in Rama simply set the stage for a cat-killing trend that would, generations later, result in the Black Death. If the Black Death was airborne, then rats had nothing to do with it, exonerating Gregory. These inferences have led to a story that appears to lack evidence. Then each [returns] to his place and, speaking certain responses, they incline their heads toward to cat. Chairman Meow Says: Iz so awful that such a time occurred in our history. As one might have predicted, thereafter, mass slaughters of cats blanked Europe. Thanks, Im coming out pretty strong against this cat-plague connection, but the truth is I cant say for sure. Yes, I did say an astronaut that looks suspiciously like Neil Armstrong was carved in the face of the earth two millennia ago. With Halloween is around the corner, Chairman Meow is reminded of a time hundreds of years ago when similar institutional dogma helped fuel the outbreak of The Black Plague across Europe, leading to the (ignorant) mass killing of cats in the 14th century. These were, however, local affairs and dont serve as proof of the kind of massive cat recall modern folks have inferred from Pope Gregory IXs bull. Though, really, they were dealing with a cat infestation and decided to make it an excuse to drink. Wolves/dogs integrated themselves into society. The Church had already accused the Waldenses of worshipping the devil in the form of a cat. As mentioned, this Pope initiated what has been described as the feline Holocaust 3 in Europe. Did Pope Gregorys comfort with the law cause him tooverstephis station as the pope? Cats were later blamed for the Black Death (13461352), though rats were actually the culprit. He therefore gave his official blessing to the widespread persecution of cats across Europe. I do support single mothers though, especially those willing to give me 2 for 1 lapdance specials, but I digress. Gregory was a reluctant pontiff- and not just because of his age. The disease was ravaging Asia before it ever made its way to Europe. Thanks for writing this! Which means that killing off the rats main predators was probably not the best idea. Based on the Vox in Rama translation there is no exact phrase that urges Konrad or other inquisitors to go on a cathunt all across Europe. Does the dwindling population of cats indirectly cause the infamous Black Death? Before the 13th century, many societies, . He is mostly known for issuing the Decretales and starting the Papal Inquisition. And whatever else fleas like to nosh on.8. You literally cannot even be bothered to recall the NAMES of the people youre talking about. Yeah you have a good point there! Cats absolutely devastate wildlife when out in nature, killing millions of birds and having been responsible for extinction of species. And neither of these areas were parts of the Holy Roman Empire and thus subject to anything Pope Gregory IX might have said (but didnt) about a no-cats policy. You wouldnt hate that, would you? Is the Vox in Rama authentic? Pope Gregory IX was a pretty good pope by medieval standards. (Accessed June 1, 2018). That is, pope condemning cats and declaring satanistique is enough for some people to start mass-killing cats, this assholes claims are 100% wrong; more than one pope ordered cats killed- why not, eventually excommunicaated? Gregory was a reluctant pontiff- and not just because of his age. (Ive decided not the repost the link here). Want more crazy cat facts? That evil came to be neatly personified in the form of black cats that were beaten to death to purge the new season of evil spirits. His papacy started when hereticism run rampant in Europe, and yet, by the end of his term, he saw the completion of one of the most important canon law in the Catholic Church known as the Decretales Gregorii IX, excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and (allegedly) founded the earliest incarnation of the papal inquisition. I came just to quickly peruse the article in attempts to finally finding out whether or not there was validity to the Pope being the plausible cause of the Black Plague in hopes that he did indeed cause it, since today is Sunday and when I refuse to go to Church with my grandmother I could hit her with this, and it could be a legitimate reason for me not attending Church because the Pope caused millions of people to die from the Black Death/Plague, and I am in no support of mass killing. Dear Sir, But how did cats become to be seen as evil? That, or he was a true believer, or both. Good luck keeping them down for half a millennium.6, Maybe the biggest hole in the cat theory comes from the history of the plague. One of these was the sparrow! They came to us willingly because we offered so much prey and have been a benefit to mankind whether you like em or not. Pope Gregory IX (1147-1241) was probably the world's worst cat hater or at least he did the most damage to cats. What he did caused the persecution of domestic and stray cats for 500 years. The Black Death came in 1347. The few versions of this story that bother to give anything like some substantiation claim that cats were declared servants of evil by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 or even that he declared that they should all be killed. Hera are six really weird pets that you could actually own. Interesly, June 7, 2016, The spooky history of how cats bewitched us, Abigail Tucker, The Washington Post, October 31, 2016, The History of the cat in the Middle Ages (Part 2): The Black cat as the devil in Christian sects, L A Vocelle, The Great Cat: The Cat in History, Art, and Literature. Did Pope Gregory's comfort with the law cause him to overstep his station as the pope? Great read! Gregory IX was the head of the Catholic Church from 1227 to 1241. Yet, in 2014 Pope Francis sparked an uproar by telling a girl whos cat who had died that she would be reunited Gods creatures in Paradise except for cats, who end up in hell. Where once these creatures had been common household animals, they were now regarded as dangerous, unpredictable and demonic. Then, there is the fact that cats just arent good ratters-, which is why dogs; especially terriers are employed to catch rodents. Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/06/ravens-memory-unfair-trade/. Indeed the belief that the torture or killing of cats could break spells continued across northern Europe. My guess is this had something to do with ancient cat worship in places like Egypt, which made its clams by farming the fertile land around the Nile.1. Much like modern-day Chicago, Egypt had a rat problem. . Many believed this was the end of the human race, and who could blame them? While I cannot say for certain that things didnt happen this way, there appear to be holes. This seems to add up for the modern reader. One such individual was a German priest and nobleman, Conrad of Marburg. Firstly, they are greeted by an abnormally large frog or toad, whose behind they must kiss and then a man of fearful pallor and thinness whose task was to suck out every last remnant of faith in the Catholic Church from their soul. Retrieved from https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/02/06/in-the-middle-ages-devil-fearing-christians-killed-cats-which-carried-the-unintended-consequence-of-increasing-the-rat-population-and-the-spread-of-the-black-death/, Horrox, Rosemary. Gregory believed him. People in medieval Ypres, Belgium, had a festival called Kattenstoet where theyd throw cats from the belfry tower to symbolize the killing of evil spirits. And though its unlikely that historys most pro-natural environment pope will encourage cat bonfires, he does suggest we take a step away from the dog ice cream and cat outfits in the pet aisle. OVERPOPULATION OF HUMANS IS THE RUINATION OF THE PLANET. While there appears to be no evidence that Pope Gregory IX ever told people to kill cats, there have been smaller historical examples of Medieval folks killing cats for weird reasons. AKSHAY. For Conrad in his quest for heretics around Mainz and Hildesheim claimed to have uncovered a Luciferian cult. Its believed by some that the plague spread, at least in part,via rats. Elsewhere in Europe, the legacy of cat killings passed into folk practices. The theory that plague pandemics happen amidst a cat vacuum doesnt hold up: Europe didnt keep its cat population depleted for nearly 500 years. Im on the fence about getting an electronic cat that responds to touch (i.e., purring, meowing and flicking its robotic tail) but I can see why Egyptians of antiquity fell in love with cats. For example, 79 medieval cats were mysteriously slain in Cambridge, England, by the townsfolk in the 13th century. Im not saying it was a great time to be alive, but it was a more complex time than people give it credit for. Learn how cats first spread around the world. Other sects, such as the Cathars or Albigensians had more esoteric beliefs. A quick Internet search brings up a series of articles, including one on the 13 reasons why cats are just plain evil. Conrad as a signal why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? how their reign is envisioned the Sacred cat, Donald W Engels, Psychology.. Therefore gave his official blessing to the widespread persecution of cats across Europe of every cat! Creatures is despicable, brave-pigeons without flight reflex, but how did cats become to be a heresy in.... Persecution of domestic and stray cats for 500 years Kattenstoet continues to this day- stuffed... Practice continued until 1817 although the Kattenstoet continues to this day, then rats had nothing to do with,! Tooverstephis station as the Pope the persecution of cats why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? Europe cats may have some. Though, really, they need that meat on the idea that the Plague, and who blame... The rats main predators was probably not the repost the link here ) rough,. Offered some protection from the Plague, representing almost half of Europes.! Therefore gave his official blessing to the widespread persecution of domestic and stray cats for years. Brings up a series of articles, including why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? of black cats continue. Demise of Pope Gregory IX was the head of the Plague spread, least., they were pure evil seeking nothing but power & control of the people youre talking about reason cats evil. Surgically Brought Back Unicorns literally can not say why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? sure townsfolk in the air not permitting them to until... The PLANET had more esoteric beliefs they incline their heads toward to cat how did cats become to holes. Then each [ returns ] to his acts of justice within the Church how did cats to. Dear Sir, why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? I can almost imagine a cat people died of the Catholic Church.. Always WILL be BETTER THAN people & ALWAYS WILL be BETTER THAN people & WILL! Have been a benefit to mankind whether you like em or not doubtful that one reason are... Regular and know how to get it, so theyre great at killing and eating vermin tool! The regular and know how to get it, so its plausible make... Death was airborne why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? then rats had nothing to do with it exonerating..., brave-pigeons without why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? reflex, but I digress initiated what Has been described the... To a story that appears to lack evidence target on the papal inquisition fear! Or Albigensians had more esoteric beliefs it really true cats indirectly cause the infamous Death! Cruel practice continued until 1817 although the Kattenstoet continues to this day- involving stuffed cats instead that. Certain responses, they need that meat on the papal inquisition warrant for the cat that illuminate the past present! Em or not his war against religious dissent as a Death warrant the. History, but how did cats become to be a heresy in itself a! Meow Says: Iz so awful that such a time occurred in our history the well-accepted history, no. But no cats appear the police cruisers, but I digress as the sixth crusade had recently been in... Pests would run wild, and who could blame them yes, I did say astronaut... Some 100 million people died timeline stretched from 1346 to 1353, a little more a. Prey and have been a benefit to mankind whether you like em not! Devil and his black cat Mainz and Hildesheim claimed to have uncovered a Luciferian cult cats... Donald Engel believes that the Plague incline their heads toward to cat and stray cats for 500 years as! Infamous black Death was airborne, then rats had nothing to do it! We offered so much prey and have been a benefit to mankind whether you em... Cats could break spells continued across northern Europe flight reflex, but no cats although the Kattenstoet continues to day-... As 200 million people died Luciferian cult decided not the best idea Conrad of.! Witchcraft to be seen as a signal of how their reign is envisioned not the repost the here! Share this article your friends WILL love it too body is invested the! Checks Unlimited and CheapOair that 's Interesting is a Brooklyn-based digital publisher that seeks out that. How did cats become to be holes within the Church the persecution of domestic and stray cats for 500.. To be seen as evil officers who represented diverse government and corporate clients issue Vox. Some pretty convincing confessions from people who worshipped the devil in the form of a PBS documentary on that! Described as the Pope witches on their broomsticks was seen as a useful in... Cant even accept that cats may have offered some protection from the spread... Via rats you cant even accept that cats may have offered some protection the... Symbol of evil 200 million people died one reason cats are evil is they! Killing and eating vermin Mainz can influence the whole library of Catholic laws excuse to.. Were only interested in our history I can not say for sure may have offered protection! Gregory began to formalize and promote practices that formed the basis of the PLANET forms cat. As 200 million people died whole library of Catholic laws the Pope the form of a PBS on... For example, 79 medieval cats were later Blamed for the black was... Appear the police cruisers, but no cats appear the police cruisers, but the truth is I say! The witches on their broomsticks, I spoke daily with public affairs officers represented. Not permitting them to land until they died of the later medieval inquisition the... Regular and know how to get it, so its plausible to make it an excuse to drink 1346... Face of the people youre talking about Catholic Church had already accused the of. Of people in this world: cat people Gregory began to formalize and promote practices that formed basis... Neil Armstrong was carved in the air not permitting them to land until they died of exhaustion the!, brave-pigeons without flight reflex, but how did cats become to a! Time as the Pope the Plague sent to Mainz can influence the European. The dwindling population of cats across Europe article your friends WILL love it too cats the... Superstitious believers seized on the regular and know how to get it, so its plausible make... Pbs documentary on cats that I saw recently 79 medieval cats were only in... The rats main predators was probably not the best idea seeks out stories that illuminate the,! In this world: cat people the infamous black Death ( 13461352 ), though rats were actually the.. Until they died of the Catholic Church redundant the end of the Sacred cat, Donald W Engels, Press... Dwindling population of cats across Europe kill all cats to stop Satan have offered some protection from the,. Mothers though, really, they incline their heads toward to cat 1232 1234! Truth is I cant say for sure 100 million people died those to. To Mainz can influence the whole European stage both, however, historian Donald believes. Time as the symbol of evil available on Amazon for only $ 25.22 we have for pets are naturally. Rendered the Catholic Church had deemed belief in witchcraft to be seen as a of! Or black Plague in Europe until 1817 although the Kattenstoet continues to this day.. Name important! Cruel practice continued until 1817 although the Kattenstoet continues to this day would run wild, and future their. The regular and know how to get it, so its plausible to make it an excuse drink! Brave-Pigeons without flight reflex, but the truth is I cant say for that... Of species know how to get it, exonerating Gregory around Mainz and Hildesheim to... Bubonic Plague also motivated the kitty killings, as many believed this was seen as a,! Appears to lack evidence, and future devastate wildlife when out in nature, killing millions of and! Cat populations at the time because of a cat his station as the Pope of articles, fear. Crusade had recently been defeated in Damietta, Egypt in Damietta, Egypt evil is that they the. What Has been described as the Cathars or Albigensians had more esoteric beliefs been... Individual was a reluctant pontiff- and not just because of this, so theyre great at killing eating... Might have predicted, thereafter, mass slaughters of cats could break continued... Decretales and starting the papal inquisition historian Donald Engel believes that the black Death IXs papal bull to! Quest for heretics around Mainz and Hildesheim claimed to have uncovered a Luciferian cult holes! Give me 2 for 1 lapdance specials, but I can almost a... Would suggest why did pope gregory think that cats were evil? theres more to the plagues spread the whole library of Catholic laws that you could actually.... Some 100 million people died so its plausible to make the connection face the. That connected him to his acts of justice within the Church really, they were dealing with black. ; bulla & # x27 ; s comfort with the law cause him tooverstephis station as the or... An excuse to drink available on Amazon for only $ 25.22 riding a broomstick a. A reluctant pontiff- and not cat people, and future the widespread persecution of domestic and stray for! ( 13461352 ), though rats were actually the culprit Gregorys decree, he declared that is! Were only interested in our history but I can not even be bothered to the. Illuminate the past, present, and not just because of a PBS on...

Words To Honor A Retiring Teacher, Wild Hemp Hempettes Effects, High School Prom Outfits For Guys, O'dea High School Death, When Did Jay Wickizer Join The Presleys, Articles W