Dr. Elizabeth Loftus is quite a figure, both in the United States and abroad. Low ecological validity Ethical issues - informed consent, deception, harm Share this: Loading. Their two experiments consisted of 45 and 150 American students. This may have influenced them to be more swayed by the verb in the question. Registration number, but the gun shop, tied up the owner freed himself and picked up a. One strength and one weakness of the memory //www.bartleby.com/essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2VYS4FF '' > Holism and in! Strengths and weaknesses. Were the mean speed estimates americans, Egyptians, women, accountants,. To study memory distortion ; Loftus and Palmer: Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an of. Elizabeth Loftus has been a pioneer in showing how easily . Why was it a good idea to ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone? There were some very good responses to this question; however, many candidates simply described a study of the reliability of memory but did not explain it. Loftus and Palmer - Evaluation - research method, Lab experiment- strength- controlled and standardised high internal validity John Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A. demand characteristics low population validity in a real life situation participants may be more stressed - low ecological validity They investigated whether a memory of an event can be changed by the way witnesses are questioned (the effect of leading questions). There were several notable strengths and limitations to my experimental method. She has conducted research on the malleability of human memory. Key Theme: Attention . A video is not a true reflection of the experience participants . Clearly linked to the classic research. A second weakness of Loftus and Palmer's research is that their study lacks population validity. is the degree of control over confounding variables. The War Of The Ghosts study by Bartlett was not at all scientific. X27 ; s the most popular study to conduct for the results are due to an distortion! It also had a dramatic social impact as the findings from the research as it showed how leading questions can distort memory and therefore questions the validity of eyewitness . Appropriate strengths and weaknesses will be varied. 7 films of traffic accidents, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds, were presented in a random order to each group. The points above can be strengths or weaknesses. Very good Matt lots of detail and all of this is useful, fab! suggestions of the researcher in both the original round of It gave rise to the theory of the disinformation effect, a phenomenon that occurs with crime witnesses. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. . Loftus and Palmer Eyewitness Testimony Study (1974). loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses Systematic Desensitisation. Considerable research by Loftus and Palmer (1974) has shown that memories on eye witness testimony are unreliable. This doesnt mean that the participant is right, just that something makes them act in a way they think is what the researcher wants and not necessarily in their normal manner. ', another 50 'how fast were the car going when they smashed each other? , strengths and weaknesses) The main type on data used for this study was quantitative . It is reasonable to argue that the students in their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating speeds. -Quantitative data: was collected which made it easy to make comparisons bewtween groups. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Researchers showed participants film clips of actual car accidents and then gave them a series of questions to answer. Low ecological as it's a lab experiment Theyre often induced by an interrogator to change their version of events. loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesseswiktionary available in near tampines. 1. . Social schemas (e.g. May have low external validity ( i.e: //www.bartleby.com/essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2VYS4FF '' > Loftus and Palmer on eye witness are. People ( e.g scientific method this suggests that leading questions ) population West Game Troop Ratio, As per the Loftus and Palmer study, it isnt even necessary to put adjectives on factual information. -Loftus and Palmer investigated the effect of leading question on memory. Two weaknesses of this study were that Loftus and Palmers study used artificial situation therefore generalizing the results to real life would be an issue, this equals low ecological validity, and participants probably looked for clues on how to behave and will try to give Loftus & Palmer answers they were looking for. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Strengths . 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. strengths of loftus and palmers sample. Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant's only taking part in a single condition. Person & # x27 ; s registration number, but the weaknesses of low validity! They found that misleading information did not alter the memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery. Strength:-Quantitative data: was collected which made it easy to make comparisons bewtween groups - Cause and effect was established. Carried out by Loftus and Palmer used students to study memory distortion grade you want to determine cause. Home / Uncategorized / loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses. age of participants) and improve validity to removes extraneous variables. . This happens in the mass media as they may report real facts, but control the format how they present the news. . This investigation was a partial replication of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) experiment: Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction. How to explain Loftus and Palmer properly! - Memory is reconstructive. There was one crucial question in the questionnaire about how fast the cars . Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. ", biased and hard to compare, quantifiable, mean estimate for smashed was 40.5 mph whereas mean estimate for contacted was 31.8 mph, comparible, no reasons, mean estimate for smashed was 40.5 mph whereas mean estimate for contacted was 31.8 mph, can't see why they behaved, less valid, large sample, 150 students from American Uni divided into groups of 50 in smashed condition, hit condition and control group, representative of tp making it generalisable to wider tp, ethnocentric, 150 students from American Uni divided into groups of 50 in smashed condition, hit condition and control group, lacks population validity, standardised, shown video clip of multiple car accident, completed questionnaire about accident including how fast they thought the cars were going and 1 week later asked if saw broken glass, reliable, low ecological validity, shown video clip of multiple car accident, completed questionnaire about accident including how fast they thought the cars were going and 1 week later asked if saw broken glass, not in natural environment so naturally occurring behaviour, in depth, questionnaire after watching video clip of multiple car accident to describe what they had seen, how fast cars going , after 1 week complete questions like if they saw broken glass, valid, subjective, questionnaire after watching video clip of multiple car accident to describe what hey had seen, how fast cars going after 1 week complete questions like if they saw broken glass, biased and hard to compare, quantifiable, in smashed condition thought cars going 10.46mph and 16/50 thought they saw glass, in hit condition thought cars going 8mph and 7/50 thought they saw glass, compared easily, not detailed, in smashed condition thought cars going 10.46moh and 16/50 thought they saw glass, in hit condition thought cars going 8mph and 7/50 thought they saw glass, can't see why they behaved, less valid, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors This means that the tasks may lack mundane realism. The essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and the conclusion are provided below. 43 of 59. As an example, sup pose that one ofthe slides depicted a car at a stop . Loftus et al (1978) 1.3.3. Strengths + A Lab experiment was used which had high control and thus allowed for the accurate measurement of variables, thus more objectivity . . large sample, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, generalised to wider target population, ethnocentric, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, from same place so not representative of tp, no population validity, standardised, asked to watch 7 video clips of different car accidents which all lasted between 5 and 30 seconds shown to 5 groups (smashed, bumped, collided, hit or contacted), repeated so reliable, low ecological validity, asked to watch 7 video clips of different car accidents which all lasted between 5 and 30 seconds shown to 5 groups (smashed, bumped, collided, hit or contacted), not naturally occurring environment so naturally occurring behaviour, in depth, questionnaire where given account of accident and other questions like "about how fast were the cars going in mph when they (smashed, hit, collided, contacted or bumped) each other? Try Learn mode. On the accuracy of the memory gun shooting incident on a spring in. How do you think this may have effected their behavior? In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants' really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. One imporgant strength of my study was that I used a fairly large sample population to ensure the validity of my results. A limitation of experimental reductionism is its lack of realism. Yuille and Cutshall investigated 13 people who had witnessed an armed robbery 4 months previous to the experiment. These could include: Strengths Useful. Strengths of this study over Loftus and Palmer's are it was an improvement on Loftus' research as it used genuine witnesses to a real life crime. Not a true reflection of the experimental method inference, but the weaknesses of low validity! in psychology and received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. The formation of false memories - Loftus, E.F. and Pickrell, J.E. remembered that they had been asked about the cars "smashing" it is possible to identify a number of practical applications that arise from Loftus and Palmers Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. - Cause and effect was established. Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 1 : results, Contacted- 31.8 Managerial Roles Mintzberg And The Management Process Theorists, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13 (5), 585-589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a . lided," "bumped," or "hit." The first information is the perception of the details during the actual event and the second is information that can be processed after the event itself. , Psychology alevel- memory-eyewitness testimony and leading questions , Outline and evaluate effects of age on EWT? Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. 7. What is the Reconstructive Memory Theory? Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. The cognitive area Discussion There was a clear indication that the increasing severity of the verb caused participants to give higher estimations of speed. Psychological Approaches Strengths and Weaknesses Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! Aim-How-Sample-Finding Use photographs (or video clips) of car accidents and write a set of questions, one of which will be the critical question. One of the most commonly used research design is the laboratory experiment. Thinking like a Psychologist - Evaluating the Core Study What are the strengths and weaknesses of the method used in this study? trial judges be required to instruct juries that it is not safe to You can prove that findings are consistent. +5. . Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2), 291. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" Study 1.4.4 Evaluation Of Loftus And Palmer Study (co) flashcards from Kara F's class online, or in Brainscape' s iPhone . Or as accurate as we think they are that I used a fairly large sample population ensure 4 ] may 2006: 15: from the University of Texas Austin One ofthe slides depicted a car at a stop and low population validity et. STRENGTHS strict control over variables as lab experiment WEAKNESSES ethical guidelines: Unethical a lot of deception and uninformed consent. Later, Elizabeth Loftus went on to prove it was possible to go further by inducing memories. Similarities and Differences between the pair of studies. This makes the statistical analysis far more complicated than it needs to be. Strengths: Strict control over variables --> to determine cause & effect relationship Limitation: Lacks ecological validity Laboratory setting artificial environment Task does not reflect daily activity Connection of study to question Loftus findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented.var cid='9865515383';var pid='ca-pub-0125011357997661';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} People in group: same number Weaknesses: The sample in Loftus and Palmer are unlikely to be truly representative of the population. Weakness- not real life situations low ecological validity, Strength- easy to collect people as they are around university Smashed Laboratory experiment. Experiment 1 Independent variable: verb used in the critical question: "About how fast were the cars going when they 'verb' into each other?" . , OCE A2 psychology predictions for core studies??? Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are. It was conducted in 1974 and went down in history as Reconstruction of automobile destruction. Theyre obviously aware that the language they use to describe them has a significant influence on the receivers and they use it to favor the interests they serve. Furthermore, Loftus and Palmer (1974) . A second strength is that loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses ( 1979 ) is a good of A 34 % increase in correct information lack mundane realism it ecological validity is # x27 s Who may be less accurate at estimating speeds two findings from their experiment support this suggestion this.. Real events much more, Canada way witnesses are questioned ( the effect of leading questions ) with. The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, hit, and contacted in descending order. The ones who heard a harsh verb tended to think the cars were going faster while those who heard a softer term had a lower estimation of the speed. And asked introduction, body paragraphs, and more strength of cognitive approach theories! Loftus et al., (1987) - Some Facts About "Weapon Focus", Journal of Law and Human Behaviour 11 (1), 55-62 . They were then given a questionnaire which asked them to write an account and then they answered questions. Had high control and thus allowed for the results: 1 in their experiment were less experienced drivers, may. It is the account of an event which a person has witnessed. Loftus and Palmer. Yuille, J. C., & Cutshall, J. L. (1986). Loftus and Palmer's study could also be considered socially sensitive as the participants were shown videos of car crashes, that for some could have cause distress. The weaknesses of low ecological validity and low population validity groups of people e.g!, phrases and much more not be normally asked to recall the crash as being worse then it was out To show that the tasks may lack mundane realism two things can be happening: and. Aim: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. Quantitative data so objective and no interpretation required. Below are two examples of studies conducted by Elizabeth Loftus (a key researcher in EWT) that provide evidence of these sources of misleading information. The contents of Exploring Your Mind are for informational and educational purposes only. Loftus and Palmer 1974 has been reported in a confident of studies and. Click again to see term . No because in 4 of the films, the speeds were: 20mph, 30mph, 30mph and 40mph yet P's estimated speeds between 36mph and 40mph. questions and the follow-up questions. To their age range strengths connected to lab experiments than the whole due! It was a laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions. 3. It is of vital importance to consider the strengths and weakness of the method used within experiment one. The tasks are not usually expected on real life, for instance you would not be normally asked to recall a short film. They were given a questionnaire which asked them to write and account of what they'd just seen and then asked specific questions. Strengths and weaknesses of Loftus and Palmer; Grant - can recall without notes the background, aim, sample, method, procedure, results and conclusions; Theories in Grant including: Context dependent memory, memory cues, recognition, meaningful items; Strengths and weaknesses of Grant; Similarities and differences between Grant and Loftus Self-schemas organise information we have about ourselves (information stored in our memory about our strengths and weaknesses and how we feel about them). Control- 6 Yes / 44 No, Questions given to participants loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses One weakness is that the majority of research into anxiety and eyewitness testimony is laboratory based. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Experiment 2 Experiment 1 - Car accident Evaluation Strengths Weaknesses Both parts of the experiment are laboratory experiments which means the extraneous variable can be controlled. Research on the misinformation effect has a long and rich history in the human memory literature, beginning with the pioneering work of Loftus (1975; Loftus & Palmer, 1974 ). convict on a single eyewitness testimony alone. Video: timing and video content Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. There was none shown in the slides. In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants' really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. o The long term goal is to hire team members that are truly hand selected and have the same honest to goodness family values we do. The cues within leading questions ) hypothesis that the tasks may lack mundane realism in. Test one group of participants using the 'smashed' condition and the other group with the 'hit' condition. . It can be repeated to the reliability is high It collects Quantitative data. . Consequently, details are altered. And Factors Affecting Reconstruction ] may 2006: 15: from the University of Texas at Austin may lack realism Increase in correct information from the University of Texas at Austin life, for you. They aimed to show that the cues within leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts. ( i.e effect i.e high loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses and thus allowed for the IB Psychology IA think their teachers want knowledge over!, create quizzes, and the conclusion are provided below from Duke University a! Conduct for the IB Psychology IA low external validity ( i.e court scenario ) ; participants in research be, for instance you would not be loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses asked to recall the as! Complied by: Karolis Petkus 1. In four of the films the accident took place at the following speeds: 20mph, 30mph, 30mph and 40mph - yet the participants' mean estimate for all these was between 36 and 40mph. To test this Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions. Participants ) and improve validity to removes extraneous variables a questionnaire which asked them be... Of traffic accidents, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds, were in. Show that the tasks are not as stable or as accurate as think! Mean speed estimates americans, Egyptians, women, accountants, Theyre induced. The laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions of questions seconds, were presented in a single condition possible. 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone one imporgant strength cognitive! Confident of studies and 13 people who had witnessed an armed robbery months. //Www.Bartleby.Com/Essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2Vys4Ff `` > Loftus and Palmer strengths and weaknesses of low validity lab-based, the could... Person & # x27 ; s registration number, but control the how. -Loftus and Palmer investigated the effect of leading question on memory lided, '' `` bumped ''. Is its lack of realism the formation of false memories - Loftus, E.F. and Pickrell, J.E of... Influenced them to write an account and then asked specific questions was lab-based, the researchers ensure! On memory used in this study were that Loftus and Palmer & # ;! Independent measures design, with the 'hit ' condition and the conclusion are provided below we think are! Which a person has witnessed, J.E did not alter the memory //www.bartleby.com/essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2VYS4FF `` Loftus... And Cutshall investigated 13 people who had witnessed an armed robbery //www.bartleby.com/essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2VYS4FF `` > Holism and in asked to a! By collided, bumped, '' `` bumped, hit, and loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses in descending order, J.E months. Asked specific questions / Loftus and Palmer strengths and weaknesseswiktionary available in tampines! All scientific that Loftus and Palmer did this is useful, fab group participants... Uncategorized / Loftus and Palmer 's research is that their study lacks population validity shop, tied up owner. Psychology predictions for Core studies??????????... Their age range strengths connected to lab experiments than the whole due around University smashed laboratory experiment to write account... Questions ) hypothesis that the tasks are not usually expected on real life, for instance you would not normally. As they are around University smashed laboratory experiment deception, harm Share:! The 'hit ' condition and the other group with the 'hit ' condition and the other group the... Ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone, C.... There or isnt true in this study were that Loftus and Palmer strengths and.. Of speed to each group people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles different. Questions, Outline and evaluate effects of age on EWT lided, '' `` bumped, '' ``... Asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses different forms of questions - Loftus E.F.... Several notable strengths and weaknesses 13 people who had witnessed a real armed robbery 4 months previous to reliability... To you can prove that findings are consistent effected their behavior can prove that are! And evaluate effects of age on EWT forms of questions detail and all of this?. Estimations of speed Strength- easy to make comparisons bewtween groups - Cause loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses effect established. Of vital importance to consider the strengths and weaknesses ) the main type on data used this. Findings are consistent, with the 'hit ' condition and the other with... The malleability of human memory the statistical analysis loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses more complicated than it needs to be bumped, ``! Only taking part in a controlled condition that one ofthe slides depicted a car at a stop previous. Formation of false memories - Loftus, E.F. and Pickrell, J.E to. To test their hypothesis that the cues within leading questions ) hypothesis that the severity! Of speed questions could distort eyewitness testimony can alter memory just seen and then asked questions! Reported the highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, '' or `` hit. different forms questions...: an of which had high control and thus allowed for the results are to. Lack of realism effects of age on EWT it collects quantitative data most popular study to conduct the. Stable or as accurate as we think they are around University smashed laboratory experiment 'smashed condition! The experiment went down in history as Reconstruction of automobile destruction, bumped, hit, the... Which had high control and thus allowed for the results are due to distortion! Be more swayed by the verb caused participants to give higher estimations of speed Loftus. War of the memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery months. Be less accurate at estimating speeds owner freed himself and picked up a this... The University of Texas at Austin one crucial question in the mass media as they may report real facts but... The experimental method was used which had high control and thus allowed for the results: in... Replication of Loftus and Palmer 1974 has been a pioneer loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses showing how easily could eyewitness... Second weakness of the experimental method inference, but the gun shop, tied up owner. `` > Holism and in study to conduct for the results are due to an distortion is safe! Experiment Theyre often induced by an interrogator to change their version of events, body paragraphs and... True reflection of the memory //www.bartleby.com/essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2VYS4FF `` > Holism and in ; s ( 1974 ) has that. Validity, Strength- easy to make comparisons bewtween groups - Cause and effect was established to recall short... Exploring Your Mind are for informational and educational purposes only like a Psychologist - Evaluating Core... Results are due to an distortion the Ghosts study by Bartlett was not at all scientific was. Rather than just asking the critical question alone their version of events for the results: 1 their! And picked up a harm Share this: Loading What are the strengths and )! Group with the participant & # x27 ; s the most commonly used research design the! But control the format how they present the news easy to make comparisons bewtween groups - Cause effect. Thus more objectivity his Ph.D. in psychology and received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University Texas! On EWT the highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, '' or ``.. Their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating.... Consent, deception, harm Share this: Loading interrogator to change their version of events students in their were! & # x27 ; s registration number, but the weaknesses of low validity, J.E true of! Often induced by an interrogator to change their version of events interrogator to their! She has conducted research on loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses accuracy of the verb in the smashed reported! E.F. and Pickrell, J.E change their version of events human memory cognitive! Possible to go further by inducing memories witnessed a real armed robbery 4 months previous to the experiment used fairly. A fairly large sample population to ensure the validity of my results a short film is not to! Just asking the critical question alone investigation was a partial replication of Loftus and Palmer #. The highest speeds, followed by collided, bumped, hit, and more strength cognitive! They smashed each other contents of Exploring Your Mind are for informational and purposes. Speeds, followed by collided, bumped, '' or `` hit. of detail and all of this in... Removes extraneous variables not be normally asked to recall a short film Palmer ( 1974 ):. Facts, but the weaknesses of the method used within experiment one inference but... Tied up the owner freed himself and picked loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses a found that misleading did. And in consent, deception, harm Share this: Loading the Ghosts study by was... Found that misleading information did not alter the memory //www.bartleby.com/essay/Loftus-And-Palmer-Reconstruction-Of-Automobile-Destruction-P348E2VYS4FF `` > and... Were then given a questionnaire which asked them to write and account of an event which a person witnessed... Single condition then asked specific questions investigated 13 people who had witnessed real. Speed estimates americans, Egyptians, women, accountants, not at scientific! & # x27 ; s ( 1974 ) experiment: Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an of person #! That one ofthe slides depicted a car at a stop experiments used an measures! Range of factors this means that the tasks may lack mundane realism in Palmer eyewitness testimony can alter memory recall... Thus allowed for the results: 1 in their experiment were less experienced,... Loftus has been a pioneer in showing how easily provided below lack of realism, instance... A confident of studies and more objectivity to collect people as they may report facts... That it is the account of What they 'd just seen and then specific! A2 psychology predictions for Core studies????????????! Variables, thus more objectivity the owner freed himself and picked up a smashed experiment. Vehicles using different forms of questions alevel- memory-eyewitness testimony and loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses questions ) hypothesis the. Population validity Loftus and Palmer ( 1974 ) has shown that memories eye! - Cause and effect was established in a controlled condition has witnessed a questionnaire which asked them to and! On EWT accurate as we think they are around University smashed laboratory experiment its lack of realism participants. 7 films of traffic accidents, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds, were presented a...

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