It was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnela method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s. Of 81 million vehicles produced over six decades in Brazil, 23 million of it was built by Volkswagen, which was produced by four passenger car factories in the country. In 1986, Hartman earned a spot on the long-running NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. In 1976, mass arrests occurred and some VW employees were tortured. [147] VW do Brasil stopped manufacturing gasoline-only vehicles models for the local market in 2006,[141] and all of the remaining petrol-only Volkswagen models sold in Brazil are imported. Volkswagen could now claim the world production record for the most-produced, single make of car in history. The growing trend was not nascent; Bla Barnyi, a pioneering automotive engineer, is credited as already having conceived the basic design during the mid-1920s. Three models were announced in July 2019, a sedan and two SUVs,[56] all three of which will be manufactured in China as a part of Volkswagen's joint-venture with FAW. In addition to plants in Germany, Volkswagen has manufacturing or assembly facilities in Mexico, the United States, Slovakia, China, India, Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya and South Africa. Like many other industries, automobile manufacturing in Germany was strongly influenced by the Nazi regime. The group's main market is in China, which delivers 40% of its sales and profits. The Super Beetle featured a new hooded, padded dash and curved windshield (from 1973 model year on up). For the parent group, see, 19391944: Wartime production and Nazi concentration camp labour, Relationship with Porsche and the Volkswagen Law. It is the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group, is one of the largest car maker by worldwide. Volkswagen Group's global headquarters are located in Volkswagen's historic home of Wolfsburg, Germany. Sales soared throughout the 1960s, peaking at the end of the decade thanks in part to the famous advertising campaigns by New York advertising agency Doyle, Dane Bernbach. Porsche Type 64 racer based on Beetle platform, Twin-engine racing Beetle developed by Wilson and Emerson Fittipaldi brothers, Bora in TC 2000, a national championship of Argentina, Edition 2007 Race Touareg 2 at Essen Motor Show 2006, Constellation in the 2006 Brazilian Frmula Truck Championship, This article is about Volkswagen passenger cars. Its angular styling was designed by the Italian Giorgetto Giugiaro. Volkswagen has announced that it has suspended advertisements on Twitter in response to Elon Musk's vow to make the social media platform a home for free speech. The intention was that German families could buy the car through a savings scheme ("Fnf Mark die Woche musst du sparen, willst du im eigenen Wagen fahren" "Five Marks a week you must set aside, if in your own car you wish to ride"), which around 336,000 people eventually paid into. It was started in the . "[163] In June 2016, VW launched a program to develop 30 all-electric cars in 10 years, and sell 23million electric cars per year by 2025. It announced that the company is exploring the feasibility of flying vehicles in China. Jonathan Glancey explains our enduring love for the Volkswagen Beetle. In addition to his ambitious campaign to build a network of autobahns and limited access highways across Germany, Hitlers pet project was the development and mass production of an affordable yet still speedy vehicle that could sell for less than 1,000 Reich marks (about $140 at the time). It has gone by many names through its long and complex life, including the "Bug.". To this, a 60,000-square-foot (5,600m2) building with administration, showrooms, service, repairs and parts was built in 1957, with storage for $4,000,000 of parts. However, production facilities had been massively disrupted, there was a refugee crisis at and around the factory, and some parts (such as carburettors) were unavailable. The Volkswagen Atlas, a large crossover SUV, began production in late 2016, and aimed to help end several years of losses for Volkswagen in the United States, the world's second-largest auto market. "Adolf Hitler vs. Henry Ford: The Volkswagen, the Role of America as a Model, and the Failure of a Nazi Consumer Society". Hirst and his German assistant Heinrich Nordhoff (who went on to run the Wolfsburg facility after the military government ended in 1949) helped to stabilise the acute social situation while simultaneously re-establishing production. After nearly 70 years and more than 21 million units produced, the last original Beetle rolled off the line in Puebla, Mexico, on July 30, 2003. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/volkswagen-is-founded. The Golf traditionally has been the strongest selling vehicle for the brand in Europe, followed by the smaller Polo which apart from the European market also has a stronghold in emerging markets. [citation needed] For the 2007 model year, however, strict US government emissions regulations had forced Volkswagen to drop most diesels from their US engine lineup, but a new lineup of diesel engines (then thought) compatible to US standards returned to the American market starting with Model Year 2009. [52], Volkswagen returned to motorsport in 2018 by unveiling its all-electric I.D. Knig, Wolfgang. Beetle production at Wolfsburg ended upon the Golf's introduction. In 1969 the larger Type 4 (411 and 412) models were introduced. [105] Hedge funds desperate to cover their short positions forced Volkswagen stock above one thousand euros per share, briefly making it the world's largest company by market capitalisation on 28 October 2008. [29], On 22 August 1960, Volkswagenwerk GmbH was renamed to Volkswagenwerk AG. Short of light transport, in September 1945 the British Army was persuaded to place a vital order for 20,000 cars. Dealer-installed options for this limited-edition Superbeetle included the following: white stripes running the length of the rocker-panel, a special shifter knob, bumper overriders, tapered exhaust tips, fake walnut inserts in the dashboard (behind the steering wheel and the glovebox cover) as well as Bosch fog lights mounted on the front bumper. The brand was The German company has been one of the best performing car companies in the world and in 2019, the automaker generated a revenue of US$278 billion. Volkswagen set plans to add a compact SUV with styling influences from the "Concept A" concept vehicle introduced at the 2006 Geneva Auto Show, and on 20 July 2006, Volkswagen announced that the new vehicle called the Tiguan. However, some news sources considered the announcement to be real, including the Associated Press, whose headline about being fooled stated, "Volkswagen caught lying again, this time about changing its name. The GTI, a "hot hatch" performance version of the Golf, boasts a 2.0L Turbocharged Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) direct injection engine. Most of the cars on the road at that time . "[25] The official report said: "To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise. [2] The group's biggest market is in China, which delivers 40 percent of its sales and profits. [24], The car and its town changed their Second World War-era names to "Volkswagen" and "Wolfsburg" respectively, and production increased. The "People's Car" and the Nazi State. To provide the design for this peoples car, Hitler called in the Austrian and German automotive engineer Ferdinand Porsche. Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. Meaning and history The name Volkswagen translates from German as "car for the people". The UK's first official Volkswagen importer, Colborne Garages of Ripley, Surrey, started business with importing parts for the models brought home by soldiers returning from Germany. Between the periods of 2016 and 2017, Volkswagen Group emerged as the world's largest carmaker by . VW und die brasilianische Militrdiktatur. [59] The electric components used for retrofitting will be based upon those found in the e-up! The Labour Front (DAF) . "I knew it was definitely gone," read more, As Friday prayers came to a close on May 28, 2010 in Lahore, Pakistan, seven terrorists wielding guns, grenades and suicide vests stormed into two crowded Ahmadi Muslim mosques and opened fire, killing 94 victims and injuring more than 120. In 1964, Volkswagen acquired Auto Union, and in 1969, NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU). VW Type 1 prototype. [3][4] Its name is derived from the German-language terms Volk and Wagen, translating to "people's car" when combined. [61], In March 2021, Volkswagen announced that it would stop developing new internal combustion engines, although it would keep tweaking existing engines to comply with stricter emission rules. Data Source: VW AG. Germany Current CEO: Ralf Brandstaetter . The former company owned the historic Audi brand, which had disappeared after the Second World War. Germany's Volkswagen is the world's car maker, producing 41,000 vehicles daily. Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949 but sold only two units in America that first year. Volkswagen was established in 1937 by the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront) in Berlin. In 1974, Haile Selassie, the leader of Ethiopia since 1930, was deposed in a military read more. VW was founded in Berlin in 1937 by the German Labour Front at the request of Nazi ruler Adolf Hitler, who desired a low-cost "people's car"a Volkswagen in Germany. autobahn-performance.com gathered information about the Volkswagen Group, its brands, and subsidiaries. Though the United States formally entered World War read more. Earlier this month, Volkswagen Europe's largest car manufacturer founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front under the direction of Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party suspended advertisements on Twitter in response to Elon Musk's vow to make the social media platform a home for free speech. Volkswagen announced at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show the launch of the 2012 Touareg Hybrid, scheduled for 2011. It was offered to representatives from the American, Australian, British, and French motor industries who all rejected it. Passat, Scirocco, Golf, and Polo shared many character-defining features, as well as parts and engines. KdF was the abbreviation for "Kraft durch Freude" (Strength through Joy), a subsidiary of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labor Front), headed by Robert Ley. Also, the company announced it was changing the American division's name to "Voltswagen", with the help of Johannes Leonardo, before revealing the move to be a hoax. On 13 August, Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft's supervisory board signed the agreement to create an integrated automotive group with Porsche led by Volkswagen. [28] Volkswagen do Brasil was accused of spying on workers during the time of the military dictatorship in the 1970s and informing police on oppositional activities. It's time for Volkswagen to place #peopleoverprofit. 249268. As a result, read more, On May 28, 2006, San Francisco Giants outfielder Barry Bonds hits a 90-mph fastball from the Colorado Rockies' Byung-Hyun Kim over the center-field fence for his 715th career home run to pass Babe Ruth for the second-most home runs in MLB history. . [110], In January 2020, Volkswagen was overtaken by Tesla, Inc. as the second-most valuable auto maker. For over 2 decades, the company has managed to lead the market share in Europe. Apart from the introduction of the Volkswagen Type 2 commercial vehicle (van, pick-up, and camper), and the VW Karmann Ghia sports car, Nordhoff pursued the one-model policy until shortly before his death in 1968. Its headquarters are in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony. [108] In October 2009 however, Volkswagen announced that its percentage in Porsche would be 49.9% for a cost of 3.9billion (the 42.0% deal would have cost 3.3billion). Sport and Cultural Activities; Subsidized Holidays; Volkswagen; Primary Sources; Student Activities; References; Strength Through Joy (KdF) was established as a subsidiary of the German Labour Front on 27th November, 1933. Henry Ford II, the son of Edsel Ford, travelled to West Germany for discussions. Hirst, for example, used his engineering experience to arrange the manufacture of carburettors, the original producers being effectively 'lost' in the Soviet zone. Volkswagen was founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front (DAF). Chairman Carl Hahn decided to expand the company elsewhere (mostly in developing countries), and the New Stanton, Pennsylvania factory closed on 14 July 1988. Hitler then helped to popularize the Volkswagen or "people's car." [1][2][3] In short the story is this: The idea of a peoples' car started before Hitler. The brand SUV expansion continues with the release of Tiguan, a C-segment mainstream SUV in 2007. The KdF also started a savings scheme for workers who wanted to buy the Volkswagen Beetle, known as the "People's Car". According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, four of the ten most fuel-efficient vehicles available for sale in the United States are powered by Volkswagen diesel engines. [86] The factory was launched in Relizane, producing Volkswagen Golf VII, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Caddy, SEAT Ibiza and koda Octavia cars. Volkswagen partnered with Daimler AG and other companies to market the BlueTec clean diesel technology on cars and trucks from Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and other companies and brands. Komplizen? [38] On 4 July 1985, Volkswagenwerk AG was renamed to Volkswagen AG. Reuters. These models are also typically exported throughout Latin America. In 1945, a rare and curious Volkswagen car was . The Golf Mk3 and Jetta Mk3 arrived in North America in 1993. On May 28, 1830, President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act into law. [91], Volkswagen agreed in December 2011 to implement a rule passed by the company's Works Council aimed at improving worklife balance and avoiding burnout by restricting company email functionality on the firm's BlackBerry smartphones to working periods and the half-hour before and after working periods. In 1983 the MK2 Golf was launched. The company's evolution of its model range was continued with the Golf Mk4, introduced at the end of 1997 (North America in 1999), its chassis spawned a host of other cars within the Volkswagen Group; the Volkswagen Bora (the sedan known as the Jetta in the United States), SEAT Toledo, SEAT Len, Audi A3, Audi TT, and koda Octavia. The facility has produced Volkswagen cars and SUVs specifically designed for the North American markets, beginning with the Passat B7 in 2011. After the war ended, with the factory in ruins, the Allies would make Volkswagen the focus of their attempts to resuscitate the German auto industry. At that time, Porsche held 31% of VW shares although a smaller proportion of voting rights, due to the Volkswagen Law and there had been speculation that Porsche would be interested in taking over VW if the law did not stand in its way. [citation needed], In 1959, VW started production at a plant near So Paulo in Brazil. It also is the home of Porsche along with Mercedes, also having large museums for the two car companies. [100] The German government then rewrote the Volkswagen law, only to be sued again. Production only halted in 2019 after lasting since the 1940s, with a couple of gaps along the way. In order to comply with increasingly strict carbon dioxide emission limits in major markets, the VW Group expects to sell about one million all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles a year worldwide by 2025. In 1994, Volkswagen unveiled the J Mays-designed Concept One, a "retro"-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Beetle, based on the platform of the Polo. [13], Prototypes of the car called the "KdF-Wagen" (German: Kraft durch Freude "Strength through Joy") appeared from 1938 onwards (the first cars had been produced in Stuttgart). [45] Volkswagen has offered a number of its vehicles with a TDI (Turbocharged Direct Injection) engine, which lends class-leading fuel economy to several models. German Studies Review, vol. Ralf Brandstaetter (brand CEO) Parent: Volkswagen AG: Website: vw.com: Volkswagen, or VW for short, is a car company from Germany. The Volkswagen was founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front and the Beetle cars were designed. [37] Meanwhile, four years after signing a cooperation agreement with the Spanish car maker SEAT in 1982, Hahn expanded the company by purchasing a majority share of SEAT up to 75% by the end of 1986, which VW bought outright in 1990. The military version was produced for the NATO-era German Army during the Cold War years of 1970 to 1979. VW was established in Berlin, and today their headquarters are located in Wolfsburg, Germany. The company was originally operated by the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront), a Nazi organization. Volkswagen and Porsche would collaborate again in 1976 on the Porsche 912-E (the USA only) and the Porsche 924, which used many Audi components and was built at Audi's Neckarsulm facilities. The Volkswagen (VW) Beetle has been quite a presence in the United States since it first appeared in the 60's, even though it is a foreign made automobile. In March 1948, the British offered the Volkswagen company to Ford, free of charge. Volkswagen Group (VW) is an automotive company founded in 1937. FILE PHOTO: Ralf Brandstaetter, CEO of the Volkswagen Passenger Cars brand gestures in front of the revised logo of German carmaker Volkswagen AG during a preview of the world's biggest automaker at t The Chattanooga Assembly plant marked VW's first plant since the plant at New Stanton was closed down. Its purpose is to answer their transportation needs, and it is intended to give them joy. However, soon after the KdF (Kraft-durch-Freude)-Wagen(Strength-Through-Joy car) was displayed for the first time at the Berlin Motor Show in 1939, World War II began, and Volkswagen halted production. The car's origins lie in 1920s . [112][113] The brand offered a range of hatchbacks from A-segment, B-segment, and C-segment. By mid-1989, a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at petrol stations or out of fuel in their garages, forcing consumers to abandon ethanol vehicles. Volkswagen's relationship with Brazil dates back to the early 1950s. The Group plans to expand its plug-in range with 20 new pure electric and plug-in hybrid cars, including two cars to compete with Tesla, Inc., the Porsche Mission E all-electric car and the Audi e-tron quattro, which is expected to become the brand's first mass-production electric vehicle. The first Porsche car, the Porsche 64 of 1938, used many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. The company would admit in 1998 that it used 15,000 slaves during the war effort. More than a year later, on 16 September 1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH.[15][16]. In 1991, Volkswagen launched the third-generation Golf, which was European Car of the Year for 1992. market. One of the best-selling cars of all time, the Volkswagen Beetle has more than earned its place on the world's car stage. It was an attempt to organize workers' leisure time rather than allow them to organize it for themselves, and therefore enable leisure to serve the interests of . History of the Volkswagen logo. In 1975, the Volkswagen Polo followed. German Labour Front Headquarters: Wolfsburg, Germany . [17] As was common with much of the production in Nazi Germany during the war, slave labour was utilised in the Volkswagen plant, e.g. It was part of the German Labour Front (German: Deutsche Arbeitsfront), the national labour organization at that time. Volkswagen is a German multinational automaker that was founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. The company's biggest market is in China, and it delivers 40% of its profit as well as sales from this market. Since the discontinuation of the T4 in 2003 and the decision not to export the T5 to the United States, Volkswagen, coincidentally, lacked a van for its North American lineup. Some British service personnel were allowed to take their Beetles back to the United Kingdom when they were demobilised. It continued to sell well after a makeover in 1990, finally being replaced by an all-new version in 1994. Founded by the Nazi lead German Labour Front in Wolfsburg, Germany, 1937, Volkswagen was owned by the German government and originally carried the name "Volkswagenwerk" which translates to "The People's Car . [40] Also arriving in 1981 were the second generation of the larger Passat and a second generation of the Volkswagen Scirocco coupe. as popular as the car, using crisp layouts and witty copy to lure the younger, sophisticated consumers with whom the car became associated. Therefore, from a classification, Volkswagen had now become a renowned car brand under the supervision of the Central Government of Germany. In 2003, the Hanover-based team entered with a 2WD buggy named Tarek, finishing 6th overall and 1st in the 2WD and Diesel class. This was facilitated by the fuel distribution infrastructure already in place throughout Brazil, with more than 30 thousand fueling stations, a heritage of the Pr-lcool program[144], Owing to the success and rapid consumer acceptance of the flex-fuel versions, by 2005 VW had sold 293,523 flex-fuel cars and light-duty trucks, and only 53,074 petrol-only automobiles,[145] jumping to 525,838 flex-fuel vehicles and only 13,572 petrol-only cars and 248 petrol-only light trucks in 2007,[146] and reaching new car sales of 564,959 flex-fuel vehicles in 2008, representing 96% of all new cars and light-duty trucks sold in that year. [7] The "People's Car" would be available through a savings plan at 990 (US$396 in 1938)about the price of a small motorcycle (the average income being around 32 a week). Porsche formally announced in a press statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen, but intended the move to avoid a competitor's taking a large stake and to stop hedge funds from dismantling VW. R. At the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, Romain Dumas set an all-time course record of just under eight minutes driving the I.D. VW expanded its product line in 1961 with the introduction of four Type 3 models (Karmann Ghia, Notchback, Fastback, and Variant) based on the new Type 3 mechanical underpinnings. On May 28, 1961, the British newspaper The London Observer publishes British lawyer Peter Benensons article The Forgotten Prisoners on its front page, launching the Appeal for Amnesty 1961a campaign calling for the release of all people imprisoned in various parts of the read more, U.S. troops abandon Ap Bia Mountain. The 1948 Porsche 356 continued using many Volkswagen components, including a tuned engine, gearbox and suspension. On May 28, 1937, the government of Germanythen under the control of Adolf Hitler of the National Socialist (Nazi) Partyforms a new state-owned automobile company, then known as Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH. Seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent "people's car" projects the Mercedes 170H, BMW 3/15, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1.3L, among others. In Germany in the 1930s, car ownership was considered a luxuryonly 1 in 50 Germans had a personal vehicle. [72], Volkswagen has been one of the leading manufacturer in terms of hatchback production, which traditionally has been a popular segment in Europe. Volkswagen began introducing an array of new models after Bernd Pischetsrieder became Volkswagen Group CEO (responsible for all Group brands) in 2002. In 1981, the second-generation Polo launched as a hatchback (resembling a small estate car). In 2018, Volkswagen accounted for close on 15 percent of the Brazilian car market. Work on the car had already began in the years prior, as Hitler as stern in his effort to mobilize his countrymen. [15] This factory had only produced a handful of cars by the time war started in 1939. [120], The SUV expansion has claimed casualties in the MPV segment, which saw the Sharan mid-size MPV being phased out in 2020.[121]. The organization attempted to carry out Adolf Hitler's goals of gaining control of technology production via the disenfranchisement of factory workers and the violent dismantlement of labor unions. In 2016, Volkswagen became the biggest car manufacturer in the world in terms of sales. In the mid-2010s, the company has decided to an SUV in every class of car that can justify one, which the brand called the "SUV offensive". The two companies continued their collaboration in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and Porsche 914-6. Volkswagen was founded in 1937 by German Labour Front. In the 2021 review of WIPO's annual World Intellectual Property Indicators VW ranked 6th in the world for its 84 industrial design registrations that were published under the Hague System during 2020. will go into production in 2011. Its chassis also spawned the Volkswagen Scirocco sport coupe, Volkswagen Jetta saloon/sedan, Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet convertible, and Volkswagen Caddy pick-up. In September 2005, Porsche announced it would increase its 5% stake in Volkswagen to 20% at a cost of 3billion, with the intention that the combined stakes of Porsche and the government of Lower Saxony would ensure that any hostile takeover by foreign investors would be impossible. VW bounced back with the introduction of sportier models such as the . Combined with the state of Lower Saxony's 20.1% stake, this left only 5.8% of shares on the marketmostly with index funds that could not legally sell. [22][bettersourceneeded], In 1986, Hirst said that factory workers were, after many years of Nazi conditioning, initially reluctant to follow his orders; to counter this, he had his military uniform brought back from Britain and wore it in the factory, after which he reported having no problems even though he was no longer a soldier at the time but a civilian member of the military government. By 1974, when he addressed the United Nations, Arafat had made significant strides towards establishing new respectability for the PLOs campaign for a read more, In the first engagement of the French and Indian War, a Virginia militia under 22-year-old Lieutenant Colonel George Washington defeats a French reconnaissance party in southwestern Pennsylvania. The German Labour Front ( German: Deutsche Arbeitsfront, pronounced [dt abatsfnt]; DAF) was the labour organisation under the Nazi Party which replaced the various independent trade unions in Germany during Adolf Hitler's rise to power . It was owned by the German government and they decided to name it "Volkswagenwerk", which is translated to "the people's car company". Volkswagen was founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front. Adolf Hitler wanted an economical, speedy vehicle that most Germans could afford. [94] On 13 February 2007, Advocate General Dmaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer submitted an opinion to the court in support of the action. Established by the Nazi party's German Labor Front, Volkswagen was created to produce cars for the German people, thus the brand's name: Volks (People's) Wagen (Car). Founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front under the Nazi Party and revived into a global brand post-World War II by the British Army Officer Ivan Hirst, it is known for the iconic Beetle and serves as the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group, the largest automotive manufacturer by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017. Group ( VW ) is an automotive company founded in 1937 by the Nazi.... 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From a classification, Volkswagen became the biggest car manufacturer in the e-up other! [ 113 ] german labour front volkswagen German Labour Front ( German: Deutsche Arbeitsfront ) in 2002 Volkswagen from! S largest carmaker by [ 59 ] the brand SUV expansion continues with the B7! Supervision of the largest car maker by worldwide said: `` to build the car had began! Deutsche Arbeitsfront ), a rare and curious Volkswagen car was historical perspective and add more related... ( responsible for all Group brands ) in 2002 German Army during the War effort 1986! Information about the Volkswagen Scirocco coupe s largest carmaker by in 2019 after lasting the. Set an all-time course record of just under eight minutes driving the I.D July 1985 Volkswagenwerk! 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front and the Beetle cars were designed had disappeared the! In his effort to mobilize his countrymen 1981 were the second generation of the German Front.

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